If you wish to cite a source that is not explicitly covered by the AGLC rules you can analogise with the existing rules. Just remember the main principles of legal citation are clarity and consistency.
As stated in the Guide:
Cases |
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Material Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Reported Judgments: (Rule 2) |
1 R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1, 7. |
R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR 1 |
1 Bakker v Stewart [1980] VR 17, 22. |
Bakker v Stewart [1980] VR 17 |
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Unreported Decisions with a medium Neutral Citation: (Rule 2.3.1)
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1 Quarmby v Keating [2009] TASCC 80, [11]. |
Quarmby v Keating [2009] TASCC 80 |
Unreported Decisions without a medium Neutral Citation: (Rule 2.3.2) |
1 Barton v Chibber (Supreme Court of Victoria, Hampel J, 29 June 1989) 3. |
Barton v Chibber (Supreme Court of Victoria, Hampel J, 29 June 1989) |
Legislation |
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Material Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Australian Constitution: (Rule 3.6) |
1 Australian Constitution s 51(ii). |
Australian Constitution |
Statutes (Acts of Parliament): (Rule 3.1) |
1 Criminal Code (Tas) s 5. |
Criminal Code (Tas) |
1 Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) s 28. |
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) |
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1 Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Act 2006 (Cth) sch 1 item 46. |
Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Amendment Act 2006 (Cth) |
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Delegated Legislation (rules, regulations, orders): (Rule 2.3.1) |
1 Poisons Regulations 2008 (Tas) reg 10. |
Poisons Regulations 2008 (Tas) |
1 Federal Court Rules 1979 (Cth) ords 3,5. Note: for futher details on abbreviations see AGLC, Table 3.4. |
Federal Court Rules 1979 (Cth) |
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Gazettes: (Rule 3.9.1) |
1 Tasmania, Tasmanian Government Gazette, No 21 499, 18 February 2015, 200. |
Tasmania, Tasmanian Government Gazette, No 21 499, 18 February 2015 |
Bills: (Rule 3.2) |
1 Coroners Amendment Bill 2014 (Tas) cl 7. |
Coroners Amendment Bill 2014 (Tas) |
Explanatory Memoranda: (Rule 3.7) |
1 Explanatory Memorandum, Conservation and Land Management Amendment Bill 2002 (WA). |
Explanatory Memorandum, Conservation and Land Management Amendment Bill 2002 (WA) |
Dictionaries and encyclopedias |
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Material Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Dictionaries: (Rule 7.6) |
1 Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed, 2009) 'demise' (def 4). |
Macquarie Dictionary (5th ed, 2009) |
1 Encyclopaedic Australian Legal Dictionary (online at 20 February 2018) 'default judgment' (def 1). |
Encyclopaedic Australian Legal Dictionary (online at 20 February 2018) |
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Encyclopedias: (Rule 7.7) |
1 LexisNexis, Halsbury's Laws of Australia, vol 15 (at May 2009) 235 Insurance, '2 General Principles' [235-270]. | LexisNexis, Halsbury's Laws of Australia, vol 15 (at May 2009) |
1 Westlaw AU, The Laws of Australia (online at 15 February 2018) Administrative Law, '2.3 Access to Information' [2.3.10] | Westlaw AU, The Laws of Australia (online at 15 February 2018) |
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Material Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
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Single Author: (Rules 4.1.1 & 6.1) |
1 G E Dal Pont, Lawyers' Professional Responsibility (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2013) 199. |
Dal Pont, GE, Lawyers' Professional Responsibility (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed, 2013) |
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2 or 3 Authors: (Rules 4.1.2 & 6.1) |
1 Kelley Burton, Thomas Crofts and Stella Tarrant, Principles of Criminal Law in Queensland and Western Australia (Lawbook, 2011) 80-1. |
Burton, Kelley, Thomas Crofts and Stella Tarrant, Principles of Criminal Law in Queensland and Western Australia (Lawbook, 2011) |
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More Than 3 Authors: (Rules 4.1.3 & 6.1) |
1 Michael Tilbury et al, Remedies: Commentary and Materials (Thomson Reuters, 5th ed, 2011) 701-11. |
Tilbury, Michael et al, Remedies: Commentary and Materials (Thomson Reuters, 5th ed, 2011) |
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Organisation as Author: (Rules 4.1.4 & 6.1) |
1 McGill Law Journal, Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Carswell Thomson, 4th ed, 1998). Note: "McGill Law Journal" is the author, as an organisation |
McGill Law Journal, Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (Carswell Thomson, 4th ed, 1998) |
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No Author: (Rules 4.1.4 & 6.1) |
1 Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Cambridge University Press, 2003) 943. |
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (Cambridge University Press, 2003) |
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Editor/s: (Rules 4.1.3 & 6.1) |
1 Paul Martin et al (eds), Environmental Governance and Sustainability (Edward Elgar, 2012). |
Martin, Paul et al (eds), Environmental Governance and Sustainability (Edward Elgar, 2012) |
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Multi-volume: (Rule 6.5) |
1 E J Cohn and W Zdzieblo, Manual of German Law (Oceana Publications, 2nd revised ed, 1968) vol 1, 91. |
Cohn, EJ and W Zdzieblo, Manual of German Law (Oceana Publications, 2nd revised ed, 1968) vol 1 |
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Translations: (Rule 6.7) |
1 The Qur'an (Tarif Khalisi trans, Harvard University Press, 1972). |
The Qur'an (Tarif Khalisi trans, Harvard University Press, 1972) |
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Chapter in Edited Book: (Rule 6.6.1) |
1 Jeff Berryman and Robyn Carroll, 'Cy-près as a Class Action Remedy - Justly Maligned or Just Misunderstood?' in Kit Barker and Darryn Jensen (eds), Private Law: Key Encounters with Public Law (Cambridge University Press, 2013) 320-22. |
Berryman, Jeff and Robyn Carroll, 'Cy-près as a Class Action Remedy - Justly Maligned or Just Misunderstood?' in Kit Barker and Darryn Jensen (eds), Private Law: Key Encounters with Public Law (Cambridge University Press, 2013) |
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eBook: Note: Cite an eBook as you would a print book. |
1 Robert Baldwin, Martin Cave and Martin Lodge, Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2012).
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Baldwin, Robert, Martin Cave and Martin Lodge, Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2012) |
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Journal articles |
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Material Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
One author, no issue number (Rule 5.1 and 5.10) |
1 Augusto Zimmeran, 'How Brazilian Judges Undermine the Rule of Law: A Critical Appraisal' (2008) 11 International Trade and Business Law Review 179, 184. |
Zimmeran, Augusto 'How Brazilian Judges Undermine the Rule of Law: A Critical Appraisal' (2008) 11 International Trade and Business Law Review 179 |
Two authors, issue number, with pinpoint (Rules 5.1, 5.4 and 5.7) |
1 Simon Young and Sarah Murray, 'An Elegant Convergence? The Constitutional Entrenchment of Jurisdictional Error Review in Australia' (2011) 11(2) Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal 117, 118. |
Young, Simon and Sarah Murray, 'An Elegant Convergence? The Constitutional Entrenchment of Jurisdictional Error Review in Australia' (2011) 11(2) Oxford University Commonwealth Law Journal 117 |
No author, no issue number (Rules 5.1, 5.4 and 5.7) |
1 Note, 'Live Free and Nullify: Against Purging Capital Juries of Death Penalty Opponents' (2014) 127 Harvard Law Review 2092. Note: If the article is unsigned, the type of article, such as Note or Comment, is listed. If the type isn't clear, begin the entry with the title. |
Note, 'Live Free and Nullify: Against Purging Capital Juries of Death Penalty Opponents' (2014) 127 Harvard Law Review 2092 |
Online journal, more than three authors, issue number with pinpoint (Rules 5.1, 5.4 and 5.10) |
1Kate Lewins, 'What's the Trade Practices Act Got to Do with It? Section 74 and Towage Contracts in Australia' (2006) 13(1) eLaw Journal: Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 58, 59. |
Lewins, Kate 'What's the Trade Practices Act Got to Do with It? Section 74 and Towage Contracts in Australia' (2006) 13(1) eLaw Journal: Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 58 |
Journal article forthcoming (Rule 5.11) |
1 Genevieve Helleringer and Anne-Lise Sibony, 'European Consumer protection through the Behavioural Lens' (2017) 23 Columbia Journal of European Law (forthcoming). Note: For forthcoming articles the starting page should be replaced with '(forthcoming)'. For articles available as an advance the starting page should be replaced with '(advance)'. |
Helleringer, Genevieve and Anne-Lise Sibony, 'European Consumer protection through the Behavioural Lens' (2017) 23 Columbia Journal of European Law (forthcoming) |
Online materials |
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Material.Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Website full date created: (Rule 7.15) |
1 International Committee of the Red Cross, Engaging with Religious Circles on Islamic Law and IHL (Web Page, 24 May 2018) <https://www.icrc.org/en/document/engaging-religious-circles-islamic-law-and-ihl>. Note: When available, the full date of the last update of the web page should be used. |
International Committee of the Red Cross, Engaging with Religious Circles on Islamic Law and IHL (Web Page, 24 May 2018) <https://www.icrc.org/en/document/engaging-religious-circles-islamic-law-and-ihl> |
Website no date: (Rule 7.15) |
1 Law Society of Western Australia, Our History (Web Page) <http://www.lawsocietywa.asn.au/history>. |
Law Society of Western Australia, Our History (Web Page) <http://www.lawsocietywa.asn.au/history> |
Social Media Post: (Rule 7.16) |
1 @s_m_stephenson (Scott Stephenson) (Twitter, 17 July 2017, 9:37pm AEST) <https://twitter.com/s_m_stephenson/status/887169425551441921>, archived at <https://perma.cc/7A63-G2RT>. | @s_m_stephenson (Scott Stephenson) (Twitter, 17 July 2017, 9:37pm AEST) <https://twitter.com/s_m_stephenson/status/887169425551441921>, archived at <https://perma.cc/7A63-G2RT> |
IP Materials: (Rule 7.9) |
1 AU Trade Mark No 1701985, filed on 22 June 2015 (Registered on 28 January 2016) ('AGLC Trade Mark'). | AU Trade Mark No 1701985, filed on 22 June 2015 (Registered on 28 January 2016) ('AGLC Trade Mark') |
Newspapers |
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Material.Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Signed with pinpoint (Rule 7.11.1) |
1 Stephanie Peatling, 'Female Chief Justice Rewrites the Script', The Age (Melbourne, 31 January 2017) 6. |
Peatling, Stephanie, 'Female Chief Justice Rewrites the Script', The Age (Melbourne, 31 January 2017) 6 |
Unsigned with pinpoint (Rules 7.11.1 and 7.11.4) |
1 'Little Corporate Appeal in Green Bottom Line', Business, The Age (Melbourne, 6 June 2005). |
'Little Corporate Appeal in Green Bottom Line', Business, The Age (Melbourne, 6 June 2005) |
Only available online, no page numbers (Rule 7.11.2) |
1 Farrah Tomazin, 'Kinder Wages Breakthrough', The Age (online at 19 May 2009) <http://www.theage.com/au/national/education/kinder-wages-breakthrough-20090519.bcwh.html>. |
Tomazin, Farrah, 'Kinder Wages Breakthrough', The Age (online at 19 May 2009) <http://www.theage.com/au/national/education/kinder-wages-breakthrough-20090519.bcwh.html> |
Other Secondary Sources |
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Material Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Law Reform Commission Reports (Rule 7.1.4) |
1 Australian Law Reform Commission, For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice (Report No 108, May 2008). |
Australian Law Reform Commission, For Your Information: Australian Privacy Law and Practice (Report No 108, May 2008) |
Theses (Rule 7.2.5) |
1 Ivan Milton Vodanovich, The Criminal Jury Trial in Western Australia (Phd Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1989). |
Vodanovich, Ivan Milton, The Criminal Jury Trial in Western Australia (Phd Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1989) |
Conference Papers (Rule 7.2.4) |
1 Jenny Lin, 'Audits of Shareholder Panels' (Conference Paper, Annual Congress of the World Auditors Association, 12 April 1994). Note: For conference proceedings that are published as a book, use the book chapter format. |
Lin, Jenny, 'Audits of Shareholder Panels' (Conference Paper, Annual Congress of the World Auditors Association, 12 April 1994) |
Lectures |
1 Peter Sinden, 'Primary Sources of Law' (LAWS1104 Lecture, University of Western Australia Law School, 2 November 2013). |
Sinden, Peter, 'Primary Sources of Law' (LAWS1104 Lecture, University of Western Australia Law School, 2 November 2013) |
Treaties |
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Material.Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
Treaty (signed or open for signature) (Rules 8.3.1 and 8.3.2) 1 - 3 signatories (Rule 8.2) |
1 Agreement regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17 January 1922) art 2. |
Agreement regarding the Transfer of the Administration of Justice in the Territories of Northern Slesvig, Denmark-Germany, signed 12 July 1921, 8 LNTS 397 (entered into force 17 January 1922) |
more than 3 signatories (Rule 8.2) |
1 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, opened for signature 1 July 1968, 729 UNTS 161 (entered into force 5 March 1970) art 3. |
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not yet in force (Rule 8.3.3) |
1 Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related Measures to Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, opened for signature 31 December 2016, [2017] ATNIF 23 (not yet in force) art 2. |
Note: If a Treaty is included in a treaty series (eg. United Nations Treaty Series ('UNTS'), the Treaty Series citation should be used preferentially. (Rule 8.4).
UN Materials (See table at Rule 9.2 for all elements required for citation) |
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Material.Type |
Footnote Example |
Bibliography Example |
General Assembly Resolution (with a UN document number - see Note 1 below) (Rule 9.2) |
1 Millennium Summit of the United Nations, GA Res 54/254, UN Doc A/RES/54/254 (23 March 2000, adopted 15 March 2000) para 3. |
Millennium Summit of the United Nations, GA Res 54/254, UN Doc A/RES/54/254 (23 March 2000, adopted 15 March 2000) |
UN Charter (Rule 9.1) |
1 Charter of the United Nations art 51. |
Charter of the United Nations |
Note 1: If the document can be located online through an official UN database using the UN document number, a shortened citation can be used
Note 2: Examples of commonly cited UN documents with Bibliography citations can be found at Rule 9.6.
Court and document type | Footnote Example | Bibliography Example |
International Court of Justice (ICJ/PICJ) - Constitutive documents |
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice art 22. International Court of Justice, Rules of Court (adopted 14 April 1978) pt 1. |
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice International Court of Justice, Rules of Court (adopted 14 April 1978) |
International Court of Justice (ICJ/PICJ) - Reported decision | Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v US) (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14, 19. | Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v US) (Merits) [1986] ICJ Rep 14 |
International Court of Justice (ICJ/PICJ) - Unreported decision | Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v France) (Judgement) (International Court of Justice, General List No 136, 4 June 2008) 5 (may include Judge name here). | Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v France) (Judgement) (International Court of Justice, General List No 136, 4 June 2008) |
International Court of Justice (ICJ/PICJ) - Pleadings | 'Questions Put to Professor Glennon by Judge Schwebel', Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) [1986] V ICJ Pleadings 78, 78 (Judge Schwebel), 70 (Professor Glennon). | 'Questions Put to Professor Glennon by Judge Schwebel', Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) [1986] V ICJ Pleadings 78 |
International Court of Justice (ICJ/PICJ) - Advisory Opinion | Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136, 207. | Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Advisory Opinion) [2004] ICJ Rep 136 |
Arbitral and Tribunal Decisions: State-State decisions - Reported | Cordillera of the Andes Boundary (Argentina v Chile) (Report of the Tribunal Appointed by the Arbitrator) (1902) 9 RIAA 29, 34. | Cordillera of the Andes Boundary (Argentina v Chile) (Report of the Tribunal Appointed by the Arbitrator) (1902) 9 RIAA 29 |
Arbitral and Tribunal Decisions: State-State decisions - Unreported | Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v Russia) (Award on Merits) (Permanent Court of Arbitration, Case No 2014-02, 14 August 2015) [152]. | Arctic Sunrise Arbitration (Netherlands v Russia) (Award on Merits) (Permanent Court of Arbitration, Case No 2014-02, 14 August 2015) |
Arbitral and Tribunal Decisions: Individual-State decisions - Reported | Ethyl Corporation v Canada (Award on Jurisdiction) (1998) 38 ILM 708, 720. | Ethyl Corporation v Canada (Award on Jurisdiction) (1998) 38 ILM 708 |
Arbitral and Tribunal Decisions: Individual-State decisions - Unreported | World Anti-Doping Agency v Bellchambers (Award) (Court of Arbitration for Sport, Case No 2015/A/4059, 11 January 2016) 25. | World Anti-Doping Agency v Bellchambers (Award) (Court of Arbitration for Sport, Case No 2015/A/4059, 11 January 2016) |
International Criminal Court (ICC)/Tribunals - Constitutive documents | Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 90 (entered into force 1 July 2002) art 7. | Rome Statue of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 90 (entered into force 1 July 2002) |
International Criminal Court (ICC)/Tribunals - Rules | International Criminal Court, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Doc No ICC-ASP/1/3 (adopted 9 September 2002) r 74. | International Criminal Court, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Doc No ICC-ASP/1/3 (adopted 9 September 2002) |
International Criminal Court (ICC)/Tribunals - Reported | Prosecutor v Ruggiu (Judgement and Sentence) (2000) 39 ILM 1338 (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Trial Chamber I) [51]. | Prosecutor v Ruggiu (Judgement and Sentence) (2000) 39 ILM 1338 (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Trial Chamber I) |
International Criminal Court (ICC)/Tribunals - Unreported | Prosecutor v Duško Tadić (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, Case No IT-94-1, 2 October 1995) [5]. | Prosecutor v Duško Tadić (Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction) (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, Case No IT-94-1, 2 October 1995) |
For more on ICJ - see AGLC Rule 10
For more on International Arbitral/Tribunal decisions - see AGLC Rule 11
Form more on ICC and International Criminal Tribunals - see AGLC Rule 12
Under AGLC4 there are currently no specific Rules for citing generative AI outputs, treat as written correspondence. The format below is as suggested by Melbourne Uni (creator of AGLC) pending release of AGLC5.
Output from [program], [creator] to [recipient], [full date]. |
1 Output from ChatGPT, OpenAI to John Smith, 23 February 2023.
Discursive text may be used in the footnote to provide information about the prompts used to generate the output, in accordance with Rule 1.1.5.
An appendix may be used to provide comprehensive information about the series of prompts used to generate the output.
2 Output from ChatGPT, OpenAI to John Smith, 23 February 2023. The output was generated in response to the prompt, ‘Provide an overview of the creation of the Australian Guide to Legal Citation’: see below Appendix A.
[creator] to [recipient], [type of correspondence], [full date] |
Written correspondence sources are included in the bibliography (see rule 1.13), generally under the heading 'Other'.
OpenAI, ChatGPT to John Smith, Output, 23 February 2023